John Marx s Capital Volume I And The Witch - 990 Words

With the advent of capitalism, philosophers such as Karl Marx took the challenge to analyze the process of primitive accumulation that began in the fifteenth century when common land was appropriated to fulfill the interests of capitalists (Mezzadra, 2011, p.317). Since the social relation of capitalism placed emphasis on private ownership of property as opposed to state ownership, citizens began to rely on wage labour in order to secure their status as property owners. Within his novel Capital Volume I, Marx delineates as well as critiques the diverse social relations that surround the capitalist mode of production. Marxist philosopher Silvia Federici also examines production as the space of the political through a gendered perspective in her novel Caliban and the Witch. Accordingly, this paper will analyze the various materialist notions employed by Marx to argue that the social relation of capitalism is not inherent in nature nor separate from individuals in society. Through the m ethod of dialectical materialism, Marx differentiates between the abstract and the concrete regarding capital, value, and labour in order to understand the power relations that exist within capitalism. However, this paper will also provide a feminist critique of his method by utilizing arguments made by Federici regarding the sexual division of labour that exists contemporarily and historically within the capitalist mode of production. Ultimately, I suggest that the account of capitalism as

The Myth Of The Atlantis - 1203 Words

Atlantis , one of the most fascinating enigmas of the past, has never ceased to fascinate and make the world dream. 2400 years after this myth was built by the Greek philosopher Plato, researchers revived the ancient legend of this lost paradise myth. The origin of the myth goes back of course to Plato who describes the Atlantis as a civilization barbaric, greedy luxury and whose decadence provoked the anger of the gods who, punishment, caused a cataclysm that engulfs the city. But, researchers and scientists evidence prove that Atlantis is only a myth. Naddaf, Gerard. The Atlantis Myth: An Introduction to Plato s Later Philosophy of History. Phoenix48.3 (1994): 189-209. Web. 15 July 2015. Gerard Naddaf, is a Canadian researcher and professor of Philosophy in York University, Toronto, specializing in the origin of Presocratic and Plato ancient Greek philosophy. In 1981, he received a diplomat of in-depth studies in Philosophy at Paris IV La Sorbonne. In 1986, he earned his Doctorate in Philosophy at the same school. He is currently a member of the Classical Association Of Canada and Canadian Philosophical Association. One of his famous writings is â€Å" Plato the Myth Maker†. He called on the history, mythology and language back to the origin of the Greek concept of physis and to describe its evolution. Usually translated by nature ( natura from the Latin) , the term physis played a key role in the history of philosophy as well as his debut that in its furtherShow MoreRelatedAtlantis: A Lesson Thats Twisted or Could It Have Existed? Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesscience continue to disprove many ancient myths. Satellites have mapped and studied the earth, le aving only a space frontier that is yet unreachable. But standing out is a charming fantasy the modern world has yet to verify or condemn: the Lost Continent of Atlantis. Plato gave the world its oldest remaining written account of Atlantis, which he had learned from traveling Egyptians (Mythweb.com), and recorded in his works Timeus and Critias (quot;Atlantis, Againquot;). Platos story explainedRead MoreThe Legend Of The Old Wonder Woman Live Action Television1464 Words   |  6 Pagessome aspects. The real Amazons were women known throughout the known world as being unparalleled in the art of warfare. However, as the years have gone by, the knowledge of their existence and the belief in the idea of them as a fact instead of a myth has slowly started to disappear. Though some are skeptical, the evidence behind their existence and their ability to sear themselves on the minds of all who learned of their bravery and skill leaves no doubt in my mind that they were as real as youRead More The Lost City Atlantis1338 Words   |  6 Pagesheard about the legend of Atlantis. It’s said that Atlantis was an advanced civilization with highly developed economy and technology. But one day, catastrophe occurred in sudden. Atlantis entirely sank beneath the waves in only one day and one night. In thousands of years, Atlantis has caught the imagination of people from all over the world. Many adventurers, historians and anthropologists spent their whole life trying to open the mysterious veil of Atlantis. But has Atlantis ever existed? DescriptionRead MoreAtlantis, the Lost City Essay1336 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantis ~ The Lost City Atlantis is known to most people as a legend or myth written by the Greek poet Plato, but is it possible that this lost continent really existed? Is it all legend or could there be some fact to it? Contrary to common belief there have been numerous geological and historical findings that actually give proof to the existence of this lost city. In the book Imagining Atlantis it tells us the story written by Plato. According to ancient Egyptian temple records the AtheniansRead MoreCommentary on Sonnet  ¨Atlantis ¨638 Words   |  3 Pages350 BC, Plato wrote about a beautiful island in the Atlantic Ocean that went under the ocean waves in one day and one night†. â€Å"Atlantis – A Lost Sonnet† by Eavan Boland does not follow from head to toe the standards of a sonnet, being able to identify it by the length of 14 lines and its GG rhyme scheme at the end. This poem is able to move from a question about Atlantis to a memory of the author and finally to the overall meaning about memories. Boland is able to create a close and personal atmosphereRead MoreEssay on Atlantis, The Lost City1314 Words   |  6 Pagesbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Atlantis ~ The Lost City nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Atlantis is known to most people as a legend or myth written by the Greek poet Plato, but is it possible that this lost continent really existed? Is it all legend or could there be some fact to it? Contrary to common belief there have been numerous geological and historical findings that actually give proof to the existence of this lost city. In the book Imagining Atlantis it tells us the story written by PlatoRead MoreThe Legend Of Atlantis By Plato1681 Words   |  7 PagesAtlantis The legend of Atlantis was first introduced to the world at approximately 360 BC, by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias who hear of the legend from Greek lawmaker Solon who was told of the tale by Egyptian priests during his visit to Egypt. In his dialogues, Plato describes an affluent and powerful nation which arose directly from the Greek God of the Sea, Poseidon. However, their opulence ceased as they became too greedy, wicked and impious which ledRead MoreAtlantis: Real or Not? 609 Words   |  2 Pagesthe majestic city of Atlantis? Atlantis is the beautiful sunken city filled with new discoveries and exciting inventions. Have you ever wondered of the existence of this phenomenal city? Atlantis is just a myth. There is no proof or evidence of this amazing city. Atlantis is just the Utopian dream Plato wanted to show. The sunken city of Atlantis is just a story. Plato told a story about the City of Atlantis around 360 B.C. The founders of the lost City of Atlantis were half god and halfRead MoreThree Skeleton Key Ending Essay554 Words   |  3 PagesGleo and Itchoua turned towards me. I took the keychain of the hook in the wall and held it up. â€Å" It cannot be!† Le Gleo exclaimed. â€Å" Is that the lost keychain of Atlantis? Oh indeed it is!† â€Å" What?† Itchoua exclaimed. â€Å" The lost keychain of Atlantis is a keychain that was created by the famous captain Nemo at the time of Atlantis. It was used to unlock a chamber which held the Nautilus.† â€Å"Great! Let’s go!† Itchoua shouted jumping up and down. I shook my head and started to walk around tryingRead MoreAn Analysis Of Plato s The Atlantis 1808 Words   |  8 Pagesnon – existent. This archaeological place, which can be located somewhere under water in the lower depths of the Atlantic Ocean, is known by the name Atlantis. Atlantis was described to be a large island, which once existed on the Atlantic Ocean but in the form of an allegory that was mentioned by Plato in his works of Timaeus and Critias. The Atlantis in both of Plato’s works was presented as an antagonist city possessing of great naval power that encircles the Ancient City of Athens, a complete pseudo

A Slave s Burden By Frederick Douglass - 1741 Words

A Slave’s Burden When a person thinks of education, he/she thinks of something they get as a kid growing up. It is something they choose to do, something that is fun, something they use to earn social status and more money. But what if it was something that was required to survive? What if learning to read or write was a death sentence instead of an asset? What if education led to something better or something much worst? Reading, The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, by Frederick Douglass; highlights key points about slavery, religion, and education. It focuses on the struggles of illiteracy in slaves and how it was used as a mechanism for management and restraint. Douglass proves how education empowers and instills strength in himself as well as other slaves to escape and realize their self-worth. The literature talks about Douglass’ beginnings, his road to education, and his escape to the north as an educated man. Douglass also sheds light on slavery and how slaves were treated and ho w they were manipulated and controlled by their very own ignorance. In The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, Slave owners and distributors treated slaves like livestock, kept them in line by the use of religion and brutality, and made sure they stayed ignorant and uneducated to the slave industry s benefit. Slaves were nothing more than property; sometimes treated worse than animals. Douglass described the treatment of slaves like animals. He stated, â€Å"We were all ranked togetherShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass How I Learned to Read and Write939 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglass How I Learned to Read and Write During the 1800’s, the institution of slavery was still ongoing in the few slave states left in America. Slavery was still proving to be unjust and unfair, not allowing for African Americans to be considered equals. However, some slaves were able to overcome the many restrictions and boundaries that slavery forced upon them. In Frederick Douglass’ essay â€Å"Learning to Read and Write,† Douglass portrays himself as an intelligent and dignifiedRead MoreThe Cruelty Of Masters Toward Slaves1235 Words   |  5 Pagesof Masters toward Slaves During the nineteenth century, masters would mistreat their slaves. Some examples of this misconduct would be whippings, a lack of food, a lack of clothing, and malicious language directed at the slave. The injuries that the slaves would receive could never heal because before the wounds could heal, they would be beaten again. Frederick Douglass, a slave during the 1800s, in his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, he strives to persuadeRead MoreFrederick Douglass And The Abolition Of Slavery1713 Words   |  7 Pagesimplications. Frederick Douglass resisted slavery by understanding the fundamentals of it, standing up for himself, and formulating an escape. James Oakes argues the direct resistance displayed by slaves, like running away, was significant and necessary to the abolition of slavery as a whole. Oakes understood slave resistance as a positive, necessary force. He believed the most effective resistance displayed by slaves was day-to-day resistance, or a variety of acts designed to ease their burdens and frustrateRead MoreThe Black Man And Bob Ewell, A White, Poor Man1329 Words   |  6 Pagesby society. Tom robinson, a black man and Bob Ewell, a white, poor man. These two men are different but they are treated differently because of what society observes of them. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, the author Frederick details the trajectory of his life because he was a slave. The society is injustice towards him because of his skin and his social class. he is a worker and an illiterate person to them. These characters come together as subhumans, who are victimized by societyRead MoreFrederick Douglas And Solomon Northrup Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pageslife stories where they exposed their experiences as slaves in the Southern world.Slaves holders make several arguments to justify slavery, meanwhile, slaves themselves completely disagree with all the things the masters claim. Violence versus paternalism, true christianity and hypocritical christianity, and the role knowledge and ignorance and whether slaves are truly happily plays are all powerful ideas in both sides convey . To begin with, slave masters thought of themselves as a paternal figureRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Hester Prynne1701 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult to believe that Frederick Douglass and Hester Prynne could be anything alike. For starters, Frederick Douglass was a real person. A true historical figure in the Antebellum period of The United States. This was a man who was born a slave, escaped to his freedom and became one of the louder voices calling to abolish slavery. Then we have Hester Prynne, who is a fictional character from the mind of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Her time period was years before that of Douglass, as she lived Puritan NewRead More Comparing Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and Incidents in the Life2158 Words   |  9 PagesComparing Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl What provokes a person to write about his or her life? What motivates us to read it? Moreover, do men and women tell their life story in the same way? The answers may vary depending on the person who answers the questions. However, one may suggest a reader elects to read an autobiography because there is an interest. This interest allows the reader to draw from the narratorsRead MoreThe Moral Dilemma And Hypocrisy Of Slavery Essay1907 Words   |  8 Pagesslavery.† President Lincoln’s rhetoric reflects the challenge to define freedom in America; moreover, it reflects his morality and commitment to upholding personal freedom. It justifies why he does not ignore slavery, as well as why he did not see slaves as property, but as a group of humans who had been abusively denied freedom, and stripped of their humanity for no reason other than avarice personal gain. Slavery was coerced labor that relied heavily on intimidation, brutality, and dehumanizationRead MoreThe Li fe Of Enslaved Children And What Those Experiences Tells Us About The Institution Of Slavery1744 Words   |  7 Pagesreadings, â€Å"African American Voices,† By Steven Mintz, â€Å"Prince Among Slaves,† By Terry Alford, â€Å"Lose Your Mother† By Saidiya Hartman and lastly a secondary piece of literature by Frederick Douglass, â€Å"My Bondage My Freedom.† The life of a child captive in slavery would vary depending on their environment and whom they belonged to. Their experiences ranged from what was perceived as normal, aside from the fact that they were slaves all the way to cruel and unusual punishment. Childhood is essentialRead MoreThe Humiliating Nature of Enslavement, Sexual Savage Exploitation, and Degradation in Autobiographical Narratives of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Ann Jacobs2068 Words   |  9 Pages sexual savage exploitation, and degradation in autobiographical narratives of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Ann Jacobs In the age of Romanticism, slavery and the slave trade provoked sharp criticism and controversy and played a very significant role in shaping public opinion and causing moral opposition to injustice and tyranny. Since Columbus’s journey opened the doors of the Atlantic passage to African Slave Trade, slavery became man’s greatest inhumanity to man â€Å"converting† the victims

Pathology and Lab Medicine for Robbins and Cotran Pathologic

Question: Discuss about thePathology and Lab Medicine for Robbins and Cotran Pathologic. Answer: Introduction In the lab, people ought to be very careful when handling any kind of material and it is important one should ask before doing any test. Inside the lab, there is usually a supervisor and the assistants who can help in bringing order in the lab. Communication Teamwork Via email, when outside the lab, one may contact the supervisor via email if there is something important that would like to inform him, for example, if someone is not coming for some reason like when sick, he/she should send him an email. When absent from work one should ensure he/she provide the reason for not being in work. The communication should be done officially and in a polite way so that the supervisor can manage the work in your absentia. Alternatively, one can communicate a day before and ask for permission to avoid any inconveniences. One should only communicate using the email just in case the issue is an emergency Rothstein, William (2009). Verbal contact if we are the lab, the supervisor contacts me directly if he needs to do anything. This means that the communication should be verbal since it is one of the most effective means of communication. Verbal communication entails being polite and following good etiquette. Being polite is an important aspect for instance when requesting something someone should be very polite in order to be offered that one is asking for. Using the etiquettes such as sorry in case you did something wrong, thank you when someone does something good to you, excuse when you interrupting someone in the middle of something and please when persuading someone. Some of these etiquettes are important in verbal communication to show that you have respect for people. In pathology lab, because one is teaching lab so most information about the practical classes in addition, about how to prepare the lab for practical classes, also there are specific informations they try to deliver it to me as a placement student. For example, one has to be informed about some techniques how to prepare some of the reagents and how to do a certain type of stains. Therefore, one should be conversant in these methods so that one understand them better. Most of these methods are done systematically hence, it is important to ask questions where there is no good clarification. There should be no wait until the supervisor is done with the explanation Rothstein, William G. (2009). Include how one take advice, give or take instruction as well as offering professional opinion. Ask about anything that do not know, so that one can do it right, in addition, be accurate in time , so try to go early like 5 minutes before the work time and be accurate in coffee break time, I think like that small details help to make better work environment. Every time one require a clarification, he/she should approach the supervisor when the rest of the students are not there so that one can explain his/her own problem and he clarify for without any difficulties. This would ensure well understanding than when one would just keep quiet with a problem. It is important to have a notebook to write what the explanation is all about. This would ensure that one would not forget all that is said. To ensure a good working environment, there should be no noise around. The place should be very silent to ensure communication is well passed from one party to another. The students in the lab shou ld maintain silence in order to make others understand all the information passed. Nobody should distract others in any way. Students too can communicate with each other and assist one another where the information is not clear. King, Lester (2011). What difficulties may be encountered, give examples, and how are they resolved? The below some example of some difficulties in lab, but I would like you to add others To be part of the teamwork is the most difficult thing, but that can be resolved with the time. In addition, there are some difficulties in some works, for example, if one face any difficulties in any staining procedure, one should ask any expert in the lab to fix. Usually, the employees in pathology lab give a valuable advice and try to make everything easy and clear to do. Every time one encounter a problem, it is important to ask the expert a question so that the clear to avoid messing up with an experiment Machevsky, Alberto, Wick, (2014). One should not find a difficulty in doing something and just hold it. It is good when you ask a question and more clarification so that the explanation becomes very clear. Be ready to listen to what is being explained by taking notes and asking all kinds of questions that are important in such a scenario. Never assume anything is easy therefore everything should be done with much seriousness no avoid messing up anything. Before trying out anything, first, follow the instructions and where it is not clear just ask. Use the apparatus provided in the right manner and ask questions where you do not understand the use of a certain apparatus. Avoid distractions when conducting any sort of experiment and follow all the information provided to understand everything appropriately. Conclusion It is important communication in the lab should be very efficient to enable all people to understand what really happens in the lab. Where one does not understand can go ahead and ask question for a finer explanation. References Robbins, Stanley (2010). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. Pp. 90-110 King, Lester (2011). Transformations in American Medicine: From Benjamin Rush to William Osler. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. Pp. 27-88. Machevsky, Alberto; Wick, M (2014). "Evidence-based Medicine, Medical Decision Analysis, and Pathology". Human Pathology. Pp. 67-70. Rothstein, William G. (2009). "Pathology: The Evolution of a Specialty in American Medicine". Medical Care. Pp. 17-20.

Customized Supply Management System Problem

Fetching water †a Strenuous Obligation of Rural Women in India

Fetching water – a Strenuous Obligation of Rural Women in India Free Online Research Papers For women there are no developed countries. Implied in this statement is the truth that women everywhere works for longer hours, the plight of poor rural women is rather worse. Every dawn brings with it a long search of fuel fodder and water. It does not matter if the women are old, young or pregnant, crucial household needs have to be met after weary day. Traditionally, fetching water has been a woman’s job. The arduous task of fetching water is becoming nightmarish because of the underground water table and general ecological degradation. Fetching water is an extremely strenuous activity undertaken by rural women and it consumes an enormous amount of their time and energy. In Haryana where all the villages are provided with safe drinking water through community water supply since 1990, fetching water was found drudgery prone activity (Jindal: 1992). In the year 1999-2000, AICRP team of FRM conducted ergonomic evaluation of fetching water with the objective to see the risk involved in this activity. METHODOLOGY The details of the procedure adopted for the above investigation is covered as fallow: As the workload generally assumes to be modified by age, ten subjects each from the two age groups 20-30 yr. And 31-40 yr. were selected for the study on workload due to fetching water. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase all the home activities were tested for drudgery and fetching water was rated as most drudgery prone activity in the home sector. In the second phase ergonomic evaluation of fetching water was done which is discussed in this paper. The experiment of fetching water by 20 physically fit women was carried out both in the morning and evening in two ways: a) By sub-dividing the activity: i. Onward journey to the source with empty vessel(s). ii. Drawing/ pumping water. iv. Backward journey with filled vessel(s) to the storage place in the home. The observations were recorded for each sub-activity separately, for every min minimum for 20 minutes or till the activity is complete, which ever was earlier. Before the subject started the onward journey to the source, her resting heart rate/min for 5 minutes were recorded. She was made to walk up to the water source. During the activity, intend down the working heart rate/min and RPE. Then she was given rest and recorded the Recovery Heart Rate/min and RPE for a minimum of 10 min or till complete recovery. Similarly, the observations were recorded for (b) Drawing and pumping water (c) Backward journey with filled vessel(s). b) As a complete cycle: Fetching water was carried out completely in one cycle i.e. from onward journey with empty vessel(s) till she reached back and unloaded the filled vessel(s) at her destination. During the experiment, her working HR and Resting HR were recorded every minute till recovery. Research Associate, Department of Family Resource Management, I.C. College of Home Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar Physiological Stress Assessment The physiological stress of the activity was done using heart rate count per minute. Women attend to the activity of fetching water in the morning and evening. Therefore heart rate measurements were taken by tying the heart rate monitor in morning and in the evening. Bio-mechanical Assessment (analysis of the postural bends) Posture is the orientation of the person’s body parts of the work place arrangement so that the work is performed with ease. In activities involving flexi-curve was used to measure the spinal cord profile in the normal; position and it was drawn on white paper by marking cervical and lumber regions. Postural bends were taken in the identified body positions for each part of the activity using flexi-curve in the similar way and the deviation at the lumber region was analyzed for each age group against the normal position in standing. Measurement of Physiological Workload was done with the help of formulae given by Varghese et al (1994) as fallow: Energy expenditure (kj/min) = 0.159 xAHR-8.72 Energy expenditure (Kilo calorie /min)= 0.039AWHR TCCW ( Total Cardiac Cost of Work ) = Cardiac Cost of Work(CCW)+Cardiac Cost of Recovery (CCR) Where, CCW = Average Heart Rate (AHR) x Duration of Activity AHR = Average Working Heart Rate (AWHR) Average Resting Heart Rate ( ARecHR) CCR = Average Recovery Heart Rate( ARecHR)- Average Resting Heart Rate (AWRHR) PCW = TCCW/Total time of Activity Physiological Workload Index Rating on Perceived Exertion Very light 1 Light 2 Moderate 3 Heavy 4 Very Heavy 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Activity profile a) Type of vessel: Earthen pitcher was used mainly to fetch water (80%) followed by brass tokni (20%). However, the trend in rural areas is that they generally use brass tokni to fetch water but empty it into earthen pot after return. A brass tokni weighs on an average 3 kg whereas earthen pitcher ranged from 6-7 kg. However to fetch drinking water only earthen pitcher was used (Table1). b) Mode of carrying load: Head load was the only mode of carrying water to home. A woman carried one vessel at a time having a load of 5.8 kg during onward journey while she carried 24.2 kg (with water filled vessel) during return journey (Table 1).In a similar study conducted by Hyderabad AICRP team reported shoulder as the mode of fetching water( Annual Report,2002). c) Number of vessels: On an average, a woman fetched 23 vessels of water daily in summer i.e. 17 in the morning and 6 in the evening (Table 1). This water requirement was for the purpose of cooking, cleaning, washing and bathing of self, family members and many times for animals, too. Hence, she had to make 23 trips per day to fetch water. d) Time spent: An average woman spent 6 min. per trip to fetch one vessel of water to home (Table 1). Hence, the total time spent per day on fetching water was 138 min. This indicates that she spends 105 man-days in a year to fetch water. Further, she could bring ten vessels of water in an hour. e) Distance traveled: A woman traveled a distance of 0.25 km per cycle of fetching water (Table 1). This depicts that she had to travel 5.75 km in a day only for fetching of water. f) Speed of walking: A woman walked speed of 2.8 km/hr during onward journey of fetching water while it was 3.5km/hr for backward journey. The walking speed of the woman increased while backward journey because she carried a head load and wanted to ease herself by finishing the task as early as possible. Physiological Stress Physiological stress of women respondents was determined on the basis of various parameters like average and peak heart rate, energy expenditure, total cardiac cost of work and rating of perceived exertion while performing the activity. This is discussed as under: a) Heart Rate: Table 2 reveals that average and peak heart rate of women was observed to be 103.7 bpm-1 and 111.3 bpm-1 while fetching water during morning hours for the complete cycle. However, there was a slight increase in average and peak heart rate (104.6 bpm-1, 111.4 bpm-1) during evening hours even though maximum vessels of water were fetched in the morning (17 vessels). The reason for the same could be due to gradual increase in fatigue as the day progresses. Both average and peak heart rate was maximum during drawing of water among both the age groups in the evening viz., 21-30 years (122.5 bpm-1 and 123.1 bpm-1) and 31-40 years (127.4 bpm-1 and 129.5 bpm-1) (Fig.1). Fig.1 Relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure b) Energy expenditure: Energy expenditure calculated on the basis of average and peak heart rate was found to the extent of 7.7 Kj/min and 9.0 KJ/min. respectively during morning hours. However, energy expenditure increased with the increase in age and as the day progressed to the evening (7.8 KJ and 8.9 KJ/min). It was determined to be maximum while drawing water (10.7 KJ/min) followed by backward journey (8.35 Kj/min.) (Table2). The reason may be that they were drawing water with the help of hand-pump fitted over the water supply tap due to low pressure, which required more physical efforts for fetching water. A significant positive correlation existed between energy expenditure and time spent during backward journey both in the morning and evening (Fig.1). c) Physiological workload: The average working heart rate increased up to 35% over rest causing stress. This could be perhaps due to manual lifting and carrying loads. The work joules (calories expenditure) indicated 8.4 kj/min or 2.0 Kcal (Kilo calories) and 37.6Kj/min or 8.67 Kcal/hr which were well within the acceptable limits of a healthy worker performing the same work for an 8 hr schedule. d) Physiological cost of work( PCW): Physiological cost of work was determined on the basis of TCCW and duration of activity. TCCW was assessed as 253.2 and 280.8 beats among two age groups respectively for the complete cycle of fetching water during morning hours. However, it was calculated as 243.8 and 276.8 beats during evening respectively (Table 3.). Unlike heart rate and energy expenditure TCCW also showed an increasing trend with the increase in age. Physiological cost of work was determined to be maximum during drawing water (73.3bpm-1). -74.3bpm-1). The activity was perceived moderately heavy on the RPE score. Again the HYDERABAD AICRP team showing higher heart rate, higher peak heart rate, higher energy expenditure made contradictory results and the fetching water was perceived as heavy activity (AICRP:2001-2002). It can be understand that the work â€Å"Water Fetching† is moderate heavy for the women in terms of subjective rating on perceived exertion and physical cost of work. By this it can be inferred that the energy wasted in supporting the losd is greater than the energy required completing the task as no technical device be used. Therefore alternative technical tools could be planned to give mechanical advantage to this manual work. Bio-mechanical assessment a) Postural Analysis: The spinal curvature at cervical and lumbar regions was recorded while onward journey, drawing water and backward journey during fetching water. i) Frequency of postural change: Bending posture was adopted for maximum number of times (40) while fetching water closely followed by standing posture. Bending posture was adopted for maximum time during drawing of water from the hand-pump (Fig.2.) ii) Spinal curvature at cervical and lumbar region: Table 4. Show the average cervical and lumbar angles obtained while onward, backward journey drawing water by women during fetching water. These angles were recorded to study the effect of bending on anterior posterior spinal curvature. Percentage deviation in the cervical region from the normal position was assessed to be 1.7 % and 7.3 % while drawing water among women belonging to two age groups viz., 21-30 yr. 31-40 yr. It was 2.9 and 3.1% respectively in two age groups during backward journey respectively. In lumbar region, percentage deviation from normal position was quite significant in case of drawing water among both age categories (10.0% and 8.9 % respectively). It was assessed to be 2.9 and 3.5 percent during backward journey for the women belonging to 21-30 yr. and 31-40 yr. of age respectively. It is evident that the anterior- posterior spinal increases during carrying load while it decreases during drawing water. Respondents complained of fatigue during work and also towards the end of the day. Postural stress could be a causative factor for high physiological cost and fatigue. This might lead to vertebral column related injuries or health problems in the long run which is evident from the body ache and pain. Musculo -skeletal problems: To study the muscle-skeletal problems, a body map was used to analyze the magnitude of body pain of women while fetching water. Very severe to severe pain was reported in shoulder joints, upper back and lower arm specially while drawing water. While carrying load back home, pain was more evident in neck, upper arm, shoulder joints, upper leg, lower back and calf muscles. Carrying heavy loads for prolonged periods covering long distance were the risk factors and against the acceptable mode of manual material handling and therefore strain cervical, shoulder and lumber regions. The musculo skeletal disorder of ligaments, joints, spinal discs is a possibility to occur due to the aforesaid risk factors. Put the postural muscles under continuos contraction leading to muscular fatigue, and if it sustained for longer period will cause severe muscular injury. CONCLUSIONS An average woman carries a head load of 24.3 kg. and fetches 23 vessels of water per day. She covers a distance of 5.75 kms at a speed of 2.8km/hr during onward journey and 3.5 km/hr for backward journey of fetching water and spends 138 min per day. Physiological cost of work in terms of energy expenditure was found to be the extent of 7.7 kJ/min during morning hours. However, energy expenditure increases as the day progresses to the evening (7.8 kJ/ min) and also increases with the age. A significant positive correlation exits between energy expenditure and time spent during backward journey and also for drawing of water. While drawing water percentage deviation in the cervical region comes to 1.7 per cent and 7.3 per cent among women belonging to 20-30 yr. and 31-40 yr. of age groups. In lumber region deviation was to the extent of 10 and 8.9 per cent. A woman feels very sever to severe pain in shoulder joints, upper back and lower arm especially while drawing water. Pain is mo re evident in neck, upper arm, shoulder joints, calf muscles while carrying load back home. It is important that a large-scale study is undertaken to investigate biomechanical disorders in fetching water,. establish causative factors and come up with solutions to minimise their cause. As, water carrying either on the head hip, back or shoulder has posture and biomechanical disorders associated with it. Solutions must be sort to alleviate these problems These may require new methods of transporting water. Rick management strategies: ? It is generally considered that the load to be carried by women workers should not be more than 30 percent of her body weight ? Body should be in alignment during carrying water. Proper posture should be adopted while drawing and bringing water. ? Women should use other sources of water for different purposes, e.g. for drinking cattle irrigation ditches and pond water can be used. It will save the additional trips of water. ? Rain water harvesting, recycling wastewater and saving water losses, are some of the simple techniques, which can help stretch the smallest drop of water. ? It is required to provide the water in the household premises to illuminate the drudgery and fatigue of the rural women. Haryana State, Government is pledged to provide the water supply within the household premises of all the villagers. ? Push Trolleys developed for fetching water by the Hyderabad AICRP team should be prorogated in the areas where the fetching water is drudgery prone activity. REFERENCES ? Annual Report 1999-2000. Ergonomics of Farm Women’s Drudgery – All India Co-ordinated Research Project in Home Science. Deptt. of FRM, COHS, CCSHAU, Hisar: 1-80. ? Annual Report 2001-2002.Ergonomics of Farm Women’s Drudgery- AICRP in FRM Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad: 1-95. ? Jindal, A.1992. Housing Needs in Content of Rural Women M.Sc. Thesis. Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. 1-165. ? Varghese, M.A., Saha, P.N. and Atreya, N. 1994. A Rapid Appraisal Of Occupational Workload From A Modified Scale of Perceived Exertion. Ergonomics, 37(3): 485-491. Research Papers on Fetching water - a Strenuous Obligation of Rural Women in IndiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMind TravelBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part One

The impact of rape on the victims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The impact of rape on the victims - Essay Example Rape can also be regarded as sexual assault and it can happen to both men and women of different ages. Rapists usually apply force to subdue their victims and it can be seen that rape is all about power where the sexual offender seeks to derive sexual pleasure from another person without his or her consent. To this effect, rape is a criminal offence which negatively impacts on the lives of the victims. Effective measures need to be put in place in order to deal with this cancerous disease in different societies. Research has shown that most sexual offences such as rape are mainly committed by members of the lowest socio-economic classes with a relatively low standard of education. For instance, Robinson (23) suggests that cases of rape are more common especially in poor communities and they often go unreported. This practice is mainly influenced by lack of proper education among the members of the poor communities. The victims are often threatened with death if they report the case t o the law enforcement agents. As a result of this situation, it can be noted that the victims often suffer in silence for fear of their lives if they report the case. It can also be seen that rape is usually committed by the relatives of the victims. ... Robinson (24) also posits to the effect that rape is often committed for ritual purposes. Many people who are infected with HIV/Aids especially in African countries believe that this deadly disease can be treated if they sleep with minors. However, the unfortunate truth is that AIDS is incurable so instead of solving their own problems, they will be creating similar problems on other people. Rape is also committed by people who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol and these people use force in order to have sex with the unwilling victims. In some cases, the victims are also drugged so that they become powerless such that they cannot defend themselves. Men can also be raped by women though this problem is mainly rampant among females. However, some men are often ashamed of reporting such cases for fear of being ridiculed in their respective societies and this is the reason why some of these cases go unreported. Men usually feel inferior if they are raped by women especially tho se who come from patriarchal societies. There are several negative consequences of rape cases among different people who are victims. People who are forced into sex are often traumatized by the horrific experience they go through. For instance, minors often experience psychological problems that will affect their growth and development if they are raped and threatened with death. At the end of the day, these young people often suffer in silence but this affects their normal growth and development. In most cases, children who are victims of rape often behave in a queer manner such that they may perform dismally in their studies at school. If these children are not properly counseled, they may not develop in a normal way. This can in turn impact negatively